Further thermodynamics contains an expansion on the basic principles to identify the advanced concepts of energy transformation governing and behaviours of systems. This unit generally deals with the second law of thermodynamics, irreversibility and entropy. It also identifies the potential of thermodynamics, such as Helmholtz free energy and Gibbs free energy by Gibbs. This unit provides the prediction of equilibrium conditions in the system under constant volume or pressure. Moreover, this unit covers the relation of Maxwell, which generates a connection with partial derivatives variables for the complex simplification of thermodynamic analysis. These concepts generate the first and zeroth laws, heat engines incorporation, Carnot cycle and refrigerators for energy conversions, quantifying limits.
The significant focus is on entropy, a hard disorder measure that has a connection with the second law with the system of isolation evolving in the entropy maximum. The inequality of Clausius (∮δQ/T≤0) data formalisation distinguishes irreversible and reversible procedures. Applications which include the analysis of heat engines, for example, Carnot efficiency (η=1−THTC) and real-world efficiency recognition. This unit also identifies the energy availability, quantification of maximum optimisation of work which is extractable from the interaction of the system with its environment and focuses on the quality of energy over quantity.
Unit 38 also identifies thermodynamics with its third law, which provides the statement that approaches of entropy are zero when the temperature is about zero absolute. These terms generate a bridge between thermodynamics with the mechanics of statistical data, generating a connection with microscopic properties to the states of microscopy. With the help of practical application of span power cycle, chemical equilibria and refrigerator systems, these tools provide the state equations and phase diagrams. The theoretical framework integration with the solutions of engineering is included. Moreover, thermodynamics offers learners the potential to optimise the systems of energy and identify the challenges of sustainability.
Unit aims
Unit 38, further thermodynamics, contains some main attributes for the learners of the HND program in engineering that including.
- To identify the second law and entropy for the prediction of process direction and quantify the natural system irreversibility.
- To master the potential of thermodynamics, such as Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy, for equilibrium condition determination in open and closed systems.
- To apply the relation of Maxwell’s relations for simplifying the complex calculation of thermodynamics by connecting the partial state variable derivatives.
- To identify the efficiency of heat engines utilising the real-world cycles and Carnot cycles, identifying the ideal performance of derivations.
- To utilise the inequalities of Clausius for distinguishing the irreversible and reversible processes in the change analysis of entropy.
- To identify the quality of energy with the help of available energy for the determination of maximum usable energy sources of work.
- To identify the implications of the third law for absolute zero convection and behaviour in statistical mechanics.
- To solve the challenges of engineering, for example, refrigeration, power generation, utilising the state equations, phase diagrams and principles of chemical equilibria.
Learning Outcomes
The learning outcomes of unit 38, further thermodynamics, are given below with the main concepts of the engineering domain.
LO1: Evaluate the performance and operation of heat pumps and refrigeration systems.
- Refrigeration and heat pumps:
- Reversed engines of heat: Rankine cycles and reversed Carnot
- Thermodynamics second law
- Charts and tables of the refrigerator
- Refrigerators and heat pumps with a coefficient of performance
- Floods of refrigerants: environmental effects and properties
- Heat pumps economics
LO2: Review the applications and efficiency of industrial compressors.
- Air compressors` performance:
- Realistic cycles and theoretical cycles
- Adiabatic and isothermal work
- Efficiency of volume
- Dryers, intercoolers and air receivers
- Faults and hazards associated with legislation and safety considerations
LO3: Determine steam plant parameters and characteristics using charts and/or tables.
- Steam power plant:
- Use of charts and tables for steam cycles analysis
- Diagram of circuit showing super heater, boiler, feed pump, condenser and turbine
- Actual and theoretical operation: Rankine cycle and Carnot
- Improvements and efficiencies
LO4: Examine the operation of gas turbines and assess their efficiency.
- Turbines of gas:
- Double and single-shot gas operations in the turbine
- Diagrams of the property cycle of Brayton and Joule cycles
- Regeneration, reheat and intercooling
- Power plants and combined heating
- Ignition of the burner and self-starting
Assessment Criteria
The assessment criteria in Unit 38 further thermodynamics have a strong association with the learning outcomes, such as.
LO1: Evaluate the performance and operation of heat pumps and refrigeration systems.
- 1.1 Using didactic sketches, evaluate the operating principles of both heat pumps and refrigeration systems.
- 1.2 Use refrigeration tables and pressure/enthalpy charts to determine COP, heating effect and refrigeration effect of reversed heat engines.
- 1.3 Assess the limiting factors that impact the economics of heat pumps.
- 1.4 Illustrate the contradiction between refrigeration cycles and the second law of thermodynamics.
- 1.5 Conduct a cost-benefit analysis on the installation of a ground source heat pump on a smallholding to make valid recommendations for improvements.
LO2: Review the applications and efficiency of industrial compressors.
- 2.1 Assess the different types of industrial compressors and identify justifiable applications for each.
- 2.2 Discuss compressor faults and potential hazards.
- 2.3 Determine the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor.
- 2.4 Evaluate isothermal efficiency by calculating the isothermal and polytropic work of a reciprocating compressor.
- 2.5 Critically evaluate the volumetric efficiency formula for a reciprocating compressor.
LO3: Determine steam plant parameters and characteristics using charts and/or tables.
- 3.1 Discuss the need for superheated steam in a power-generating plant.
- 3.2 Apply the use of charts and/or tables to establish overall steam plant efficiencies in power systems.
- 3.3 Justify why the Rankine cycle is preferred over the Carnot cycle in steam production plants around the world.
- 3.4 Critically evaluate the pragmatic modifications made to the basic Rankine cycle to improve the overall efficiency of steam generation power plants.
LO4: Examine the operation of gas turbines and assess their efficiency.
- 4.1 Investigate the principles of operation of a gas turbine plant.
- 4.2 Assess the efficiency of a gas turbine system.
- 4.3 Compare and evaluate the actual plant and theoretical efficiencies in a single-shaft gas turbine system, accounting for any discrepancies found.
- 4.4 Critically analyse the practical solutions manufacturers offer to overcome problematic areas in gas turbines, such as burner ignition continuation and self-starting capabilities.
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